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@ARTICLE{Mishra:892348,
      author       = {Mishra, Tarini Prasad and Lenser, Christian and Raj, Rishi
                      and Guillon, Olivier and Bram, Martin},
      title        = {{D}evelopment of a processing map for safe flash sintering
                      of gadolinium‐doped ceria},
      journal      = {Journal of the American Ceramic Society},
      volume       = {104},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1551-2916},
      address      = {Westerville, Ohio},
      publisher    = {Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02016},
      pages        = {4316-4328},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Flash sintering was discovered in 2010, where a dog- bone-
                      shaped zirconia sample was sintered at a furnace temperature
                      of 850°C in <5s by applying electric fields of
                      ~100Vcm−1 directly to the specimen. Since its
                      discovery, it has been successfully ap-plied to several if
                      not all oxides and even ceramics of complex compositions.
                      Among several processing parameters in flash sintering, the
                      electrical parameters, i.e., electric field and electric
                      current, were found to influence the onset temperature for
                      flash and the degree of densification respectively. In this
                      work, we have systematically investi-gated the influence of
                      the electrical parameters on the onset temperature,
                      densification behavior, and microstructure of the flash
                      sintered samples. In particular, we focus on the development
                      of a processing map that delineates the safe and fail
                      regions for flash sintering over a wide range of applied
                      current densities and electric fields. As a proof of
                      concept, gadolinium- doped ceria (GDC) is shown as an
                      example for developing of such a processing map for flash
                      sintering, which can also be transferred to different
                      materials systems. Localization of current coupled with hot
                      spot formation and crack formation is identified as two
                      distinct failure modes in flash sintering. The grain size
                      distribution across the current localized and nominal
                      regions of the specimen was analyzed. The specimens show
                      exaggerated grain growth near the positive electrode
                      (anode). The region adjacent to the negative electrodes
                      (cathode) showed retarded densification with large
                      concentration of isolated pores. The electrical
                      conductiv-ity of the flash sintered and conventional
                      sintered samples shows identical electrical conductivity.
                      This quantitative analysis indicates that similar sintering
                      quality of the GDC can be achieved by flash sintering at
                      temperature as low as 680°C.},
      cin          = {IEK-1 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF4-899) / 123 - Chemische
                      Energieträger (POF4-123) / DFG project 274005202 - SPP
                      1959: Manipulation of matter controlled by electric and
                      magnetic fields: Towards novel synthesis and processing
                      routes of inorganic materials (274005202) / SOFC - Solid
                      Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC-20140602)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-899 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-123 /
                      G:(GEPRIS)274005202 / G:(DE-Juel1)SOFC-20140602},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000646668400001},
      doi          = {10.1111/jace.17847},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/892348},
}