000892489 001__ 892489 000892489 005__ 20210623133444.0 000892489 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1038/s41567-021-01198-z 000892489 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1745-2473 000892489 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1745-2481 000892489 0247_ $$2Handle$$a2128/27774 000892489 0247_ $$2altmetric$$aaltmetric:103726500 000892489 0247_ $$2WOS$$aWOS:000639048800001 000892489 037__ $$aFZJ-2021-02109 000892489 082__ $$a530 000892489 1001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)184637$$aZheng, X.$$b0 000892489 245__ $$aMeasurement of the proton spin structure at long distances 000892489 260__ $$aBasingstoke$$bNature Publishing Group$$c2021 000892489 3367_ $$2DRIVER$$aarticle 000892489 3367_ $$2DataCite$$aOutput Types/Journal article 000892489 3367_ $$0PUB:(DE-HGF)16$$2PUB:(DE-HGF)$$aJournal Article$$bjournal$$mjournal$$s1620731035_28726 000892489 3367_ $$2BibTeX$$aARTICLE 000892489 3367_ $$2ORCID$$aJOURNAL_ARTICLE 000892489 3367_ $$00$$2EndNote$$aJournal Article 000892489 520__ $$aMeasuring the spin structure of protons and neutrons tests our understanding of how they arise from quarks and gluons, the fundamental building blocks of nuclear matter. At long distances, the coupling constant of the strong interaction becomes large, requiring non-perturbative methods to calculate quantum chromodynamics processes, such as lattice gauge theory or effective field theories. Here we report proton spin structure measurements from scattering a polarized electron beam off polarized protons. The spin-dependent cross-sections were measured at large distances, corresponding to the region of low momentum transfer squared between 0.012 and 1.0 GeV2. This kinematic range provides unique tests of chiral effective field theory predictions. Our results show that a complete description of the nucleon spin remains elusive, and call for further theoretical works, for example, in lattice quantum chromodynamics. Finally, our data extrapolated to the photon point agree with the Gerasimov–Drell–Hearn sum rule, a fundamental prediction of quantum field theory that relates the anomalous magnetic moment of the proton to its integrated spin-dependent cross-sections. 000892489 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-612$$a612 - Cosmic Matter in the Laboratory (POF4-612)$$cPOF4-612$$fPOF IV$$x0 000892489 536__ $$0G:(DE-HGF)POF4-6G12$$a6G12 - FAIR (GSI) (POF4-6G12)$$cPOF4-6G12$$fPOF IV$$x1 000892489 588__ $$aDataset connected to CrossRef, Journals: juser.fz-juelich.de 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDeur, A.$$b1$$eCorresponding author 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKang, H.$$b2 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aKühn, Sebastian Paul$$b3 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRipani, M.$$b4 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)186618$$aZhang, Jiayuan$$b5 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAdhikari, K. P.$$b6 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAdhikari, S.$$b7 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAmaryan, M. J.$$b8 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAtac, H.$$b9 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aAvakian, H.$$b10 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)131085$$aBarion, L.$$b11 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBattaglieri, M.$$b12 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBedlinskiy, I.$$b13 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBenmokhtar, F.$$b14 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBianconi, A.$$b15 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBiselli, A. S.$$b16 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBoiarinov, S.$$b17 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBondì, M.$$b18 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBossù, F.$$b19 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBosted, P.$$b20 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBriscoe, W. J.$$b21 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBrock, J.$$b22 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBrooks, W. K.$$b23 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBulumulla, D.$$b24 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBurkert, V. D.$$b25 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCarlin, C.$$b26 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCarman, D. S.$$b27 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCarvajal, J. C.$$b28 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCelentano, A.$$b29 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aChatagnon, P.$$b30 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aChetry, T.$$b31 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aChen, J.-P.$$b32 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)136888$$aChoi, S.$$b33 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)131116$$aCiullo, G.$$b34 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aClark, L.$$b35 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCole, P. L.$$b36 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aContalbrigo, M.$$b37 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCrede, V.$$b38 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aD’Angelo, A.$$b39 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDashyan, N.$$b40 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDe Vita, R.$$b41 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDefurne, M.$$b42 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDiehl, S.$$b43 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDjalali, C.$$b44 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aDrozdov, V. 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A.$$b120 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)131301$$aRitman, J.$$b121$$eCorresponding author 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRizzo, A.$$b122 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRosner, G.$$b123 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRossi, P.$$b124 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRowley, J.$$b125 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSabatié, F.$$b126 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSalgado, C.$$b127 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)186704$$aSchmidt, Anne$$b128 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aTichelbäcker, Laura$$b129 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSeely, M. L.$$b130 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSharabian, Y. G.$$b131 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aShrestha, U.$$b132 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aŠirca, S.$$b133 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSlifer, K.$$b134 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSparveris, N.$$b135 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aStepanyan, S.$$b136 000892489 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aStrakovsky, I. 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