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@ARTICLE{Benigni:892732,
      author       = {Benigni, Andrea and Difronzo, Michele and Md Multan Multan
                      Biswas and Milton, Matthew and Ginn, Herb},
      title        = {{S}ystem {L}evel {R}eal-{T}ime {S}imulation and
                      {H}ardware-in-the-{L}oop {T}esting of {MMC}s},
      journal      = {Energies},
      volume       = {14},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {1996-1073},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-02293},
      pages        = {3046 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {In this paper we present an approach for real-time
                      simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testing of Modular
                      Multilevel Converters (MMCs) that rely on switching models
                      while supporting system level analysis. Using the Latency
                      Based Linear Multistep Compound (LB-LMC) approach, we
                      achieved a 50 ns simulation time step for systems composed
                      of several MMC converters and for converters of various
                      complexity. To facilitate system level testing, we introduce
                      the use of a serial communication-based (Aurora) interface
                      for HIL testing of MMC converters and we analyzed the effect
                      that communication latency has on the accuracy of the HIL
                      test. The simulation and HIL results are validated against
                      an MMC laboratory prototype.},
      cin          = {IEK-10},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-10-20170217},
      pnm          = {1122 - Design, Operation and Digitalization of the Future
                      Energy Grids (POF4-112)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1122},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000659863900001},
      doi          = {10.3390/en14113046},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/892732},
}