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@ARTICLE{Reu:894233,
      author       = {Reuß, Markus and Dimos, Paris and Léon, Aline and Grube,
                      Thomas and Robinius, Martin and Stolten, Detlef},
      title        = {{H}ydrogen {R}oad {T}ransport {A}nalysis in the {E}nergy
                      {S}ystem: {A} {C}ase {S}tudy for {G}ermany through 2050},
      journal      = {Energies},
      volume       = {14},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {1996-1073},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03113},
      pages        = {3166 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Carbon-free transportation is envisaged by means of fuel
                      cell electric vehicles (FCEV) propelled by hydrogen that
                      originates from renewably electricity. However, there is a
                      spatial and temporal gap in the production and demand of
                      hydrogen. Therefore, hydrogen storage and transport remain
                      key challenges for sustainable transportation with FCEVs. In
                      this study, we propose a method for calculating a spatially
                      resolved highway routing model for Germany to transport
                      hydrogen by truck from the 15 production locations (source)
                      to the 9683 fueling stations (sink) required by 2050. We
                      consider herein three different storage modes, namely
                      compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2), liquid hydrogen (LH2)
                      and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHC). The model
                      applies Dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm for all
                      available source-sink connections prior to optimizing the
                      supply. By creating a detailed routing result for each
                      source-sink connection, a detour factor is introduced for
                      “first and last mile” transportation. The average detour
                      factor of 1.32 is shown to be necessary for the German
                      highway grid. Thereafter, the related costs, transportation
                      time and travelled distances are calculated and compared for
                      the examined storage modes. The overall transportation cost
                      result for compressed gaseous hydrogen is 2.69 €/kgH2,
                      0.73 €/kgH2 for liquid hydrogen, and 0.99 €/kgH2 for
                      LOHCs. While liquid hydrogen appears to be the most
                      cost-efficient mode, with the integration of the supply
                      chain costs, compressed gaseous hydrogen is more convenient
                      for minimal source-sink distances, while liquid hydrogen
                      would be suitable for distances greater than 130 km.},
      cin          = {IEK-3},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {1111 - Effective System Transformation Pathways (POF4-111)
                      / 1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1111 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000659811900001},
      doi          = {10.3390/en14113166},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/894233},
}