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@INPROCEEDINGS{Menzler:894913,
      author       = {Menzler, Norbert H. and Lenser, Christian and Bram, Martin
                      and Naumenko, Dmitry and Zurek, Joanna and Margaritis,
                      Nikolaos and Gross-Barsnick, Sonja-Michaela and de Haart,
                      L.G.J. and Fang, Qingping},
      title        = {{S}olid oxide cells – {M}aterials status and their
                      operational behavior},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-03475},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Solid oxide fuel and electrolyzer cells (SOCs) are one
                      technology to enable a carbon-free future with respect to
                      the generation of electricity (SOFC) or the use of renewable
                      electricity for the production of hydrogen (H2) or synthetic
                      gases (H2 + CO) (SOEC). SOC is the only technology which is
                      able to perform this in ONE system, e.g. the whole system,
                      composed of the stack and the necessary periphery
                      (“balance-of-plant”), can be operated in both modes,
                      called rSOC “reversible solid oxide cell”.While in fuel
                      cell mode electrical efficiencies reach approx. $60\%$
                      (including thermal: > $80\%),$ in electrolysis mode the
                      “basic” efficiency is around $65\%$ and, if waste heat
                      and water vapor are existing, the percentage reaches values
                      above $90\%.Actual$ SOC stacks and systems have proven their
                      long-term availability by operational times of nearly
                      100,000 h (SOFC stack), ~ 40,000 h (SOFC system) and approx.
                      20,000 h (SOEC stack). During operation, stacks and systems
                      loose performance to a certain extent. Typical degradation
                      rates are ~ 0.5 $\%$ / 1,000 h in fuel cell and around 1
                      $\%$ / 1,000 h in electrolysis mode. Both operational modes
                      show partly different degradation effects.The presentation
                      gives an overview on the current materials used in solid
                      oxide fuel and electrolyzer stacks (e.g. cells, contacting,
                      sealants and interconnects) and highlights their operational
                      behavior in fuel cell and electrolysis mode and the main
                      materials-related degradation phenomena based on stack test
                      results.},
      month         = {Sep},
      date          = {2021-09-07},
      organization  = {Materials Week 2021, Online (Germany),
                       7 Sep 2021 - 9 Sep 2021},
      subtyp        = {Invited},
      cin          = {IEK-1 / IEK-2 / ZEA-1 / IEK-9 / IEK-14},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-1-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123) / 1232 -
                      Power-based Fuels and Chemicals (POF4-123) / SOFC - Solid
                      Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC-20140602)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1232 /
                      G:(DE-Juel1)SOFC-20140602},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)6},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/894913},
}