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@ARTICLE{Politowski:904018,
      author       = {Politowski, Irina and Wittmers, Fabian and Hennig, Michael
                      Patrick and Siebers, Nina and Goffart, Birgitta and
                      Roß-Nickoll, Martina and Ottermanns, Richard and Schäffer,
                      Andreas},
      title        = {{A} trophic transfer study: accumulation of multi-walled
                      carbon nanotubes associated to green algae in water flea
                      {D}aphnia magna},
      journal      = {NanoImpact},
      volume       = {22},
      issn         = {2452-0748},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-05588},
      pages        = {100303 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are promising nanomaterials in
                      modern nanotechnology and their use in many different
                      applications leads to an inevitable release into the aquatic
                      environment. In this study, we quantified trophic transfer
                      of weathered multi-walled carbon nanotubes (wMWCNT) from
                      green algae to primary consumer Daphnia magna in a
                      concentration of 100 μg L−1 using radioactive labeling of
                      the carbon backbone (14C-wMWCNT). Trophic transfer of wMWCNT
                      was compared to the uptake by daphnids exposed to
                      nanomaterials in the water phase without algae. Due to the
                      rather long observed CNT sedimentation times (DT) from the
                      water phase (DT50: 3.9 days (d), DT90: 12.8 d) wMWCNT
                      interact with aquatic organisms and associated to the green
                      algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Raphidocelis
                      subcapitata. After the exposition of algae, the nanotubes
                      accumulated to a maximum of 1.6 ± 0.4 μg 14C-wMWCNT mg−1
                      dry weight−1 (dw−1) and 0.7 ± 0.3 μg 14C-wMWCNT mg−1
                      dw−1 after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. To study trophic
                      transfer, R. subcapitata was loaded with 14C-wMWCNT and
                      subsequently fed to D. magna. A maximum body burden of 0.07
                      ± 0.01 μg 14C-wMWCNT mg−1 dw−1 and 7.1 ± 1.5 μg
                      14C-wMWCNT mg−1 dw−1 for D. magna after trophic transfer
                      and waterborne exposure was measured, respectively,
                      indicating no CNT accumulation after short-term exposure via
                      trophic transfer. Additionally, the animals eliminated
                      nanomaterials from their guts, while feeding algae
                      facilitated their excretion. Further, accumulation of
                      14C-wMWCNT in a growing population of D. magna revealed a
                      maximum uptake of 0.7 ± 0.2 μg mg−1 dw−1. Therefore,
                      the calculated bioaccumulation factor (BAF) after 28 d of
                      6700 ± 2900 L kg−1 is above the limit that indicates a
                      chemical is bioaccumulative in the European Union Regulation
                      REACH. Although wMWCNT did not bioaccumulate in neonate D.
                      magna after trophic transfer, wMWCNT enriched in a 28 d
                      growing D. magna population regardless of daily feeding,
                      which increases the risk of CNT accumulation along the
                      aquatic food chain.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000656874800008},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.impact.2021.100303},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/904018},
}