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@ARTICLE{CastroHerrera:907192,
      author       = {Castro-Herrera, Daniela and Prost, Katharina and Schäfer,
                      Yonas and Kim, Dong-Gill and Yimer, Fantaw and Tadesse,
                      Menfese and Gebrehiwot, Mersha and Brüggemann, Nicolas},
      title        = {{N}utrient dynamics during composting of human excreta,
                      cattle manure, and organic waste affected by biochar},
      journal      = {Journal of environmental quality},
      volume       = {51},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {0047-2425},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-01880},
      pages        = {19 - 32},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Ecological sanitation via thermophilic composting could be
                      a promising solution to the lack of sanitation and limited
                      access to fertilizers, particularly in developing countries.
                      Here, we conducted a 185-d thermophilic composting
                      experiment with human excreta, and separately with cattle
                      manure, mixed with kitchen scraps, teff [Eragrostis tef
                      (Zuccagni) Trotter] straw, sawdust, and biochar (BC) by
                      using an appropriate-technology approach. We followed the
                      dynamics of the most important macronutrients (N, P, K),
                      temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, cation
                      exchange capacity, as well as content of organic matter,
                      organic C, Ca, Mg, and micronutrients throughout the
                      process. Low N $(<47\%),$ P $(<9\%),$ K $(<11\%),$ Ca
                      $(<18\%),$ and Mg $(<21\%)$ losses and the temperature
                      profile indicated a well-functioning thermophilic composting
                      process. Compost temperature was >60 °C for 7, 6, 5, and 8
                      consecutive days for treatments containing human excreta,
                      human excreta amended with BC, cattle manure, and cattle
                      manure amended with BC, respectively, suggesting a final
                      compost product free of pathogens. The compost mixture with
                      cattle manure and BC reached a significantly higher
                      temperature than the same variant without BC, with a maximum
                      value of 65.9 °C on Day 6. For all treatments, final
                      germination index values $>100\%$ indicated compost maturity
                      and the absence of phytotoxic substances. Biochar addition
                      reduced losses of organic matter $(18−23\%),$ C
                      $(33−42\%),$ and N $(49−100\%)$ and decreased the amount
                      of extractable NO3− $(32−36\%)$ in the final compost.
                      The tested ecological sanitation concept via thermophilic
                      composting is thus a promising strategy to improve access to
                      cheap fertilizer by safe and sustainable sanitation and
                      waste management.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {630},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:34846756},
      UT           = {WOS:000734970600001},
      doi          = {10.1002/jeq2.20312},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/907192},
}