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@ARTICLE{Ungermann:907363,
      author       = {Ungermann, Jörn and Kleinert, Anne and Maucher, Guido and
                      Bartolomé, Irene and Friedl-Vallon, Felix and Johansson,
                      Sören and Krasauskas, Lukas and Neubert, Tom},
      title        = {{Q}uantification and mitigation of the instrument effects
                      and uncertainties of the airborne limb imaging {FTIR}
                      {GLORIA}},
      journal      = {Atmospheric measurement techniques},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {1867-1381},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-01993},
      pages        = {2503 - 2530},
      year         = {2022},
      note         = {This research has been supported by the Bundesministerium
                      für Bildung und Forschung (grant no. 01 LG 1907), the
                      Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant no. SPP 1294), and
                      the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research
                      (grant no. 16ENV03).I did not find these grants in the
                      list.},
      abstract     = {The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the
                      Atmosphere (GLORIA) is an infrared imaging FTS (Fourier
                      transform spectrometer) with a 2-D infrared detector that is
                      operated on two high-flying research aircraft. It has flown
                      on eight campaigns and measured along more than
                      300 000 km of flight track.This paper details our
                      instrument calibration and characterization efforts, which,
                      in particular, almost exclusively leverage in-flight data.
                      First, we present the framework of our new calibration
                      scheme, which uses information from all three available
                      calibration sources (two blackbodies and upward-pointing
                      “deep space” measurements). Part of this scheme is a new
                      algorithm for correcting the erratically changing
                      nonlinearity of a subset of detector pixels and the
                      identification of the remaining bad pixels.Using this new
                      calibration, we derive a 1σ bound of $1 \%$ on the
                      instrument gain error and a bound of
                      30 nW cm−2 sr−1 cm on the instrument offset
                      error. We show how we can examine the noise and spectral
                      accuracy for all measured atmospheric spectra and derive a
                      spectral accuracy of 5 ppm on average. All these errors
                      are compliant with the initial instrument requirements.We
                      also discuss, for the first time, the pointing system of the
                      GLORIA instrument. Combining laboratory calibration efforts
                      with the measurement of astronomical bodies during the
                      flight, we can achieve a pointing accuracy of 0.032∘,
                      which corresponds to one detector pixel.The paper concludes
                      with a brief study of how these newly characterized
                      instrument parameters affect temperature and ozone
                      retrievals. We find that the pointing uncertainty and, to a
                      lesser extent, the instrument gain uncertainty are the main
                      contributors to the error in the result.},
      cin          = {IEK-7 / ZEA-2},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-2-20090406},
      pnm          = {2112 - Climate Feedbacks (POF4-211) / 2A3 - Remote Sensing
                      (CARF - CCA) (POF4-2A3)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2112 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2A3},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000786551900001},
      doi          = {10.5194/amt-15-2503-2022},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/907363},
}