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@ARTICLE{Du:907983,
      author       = {Du, Naiying and Roy, Claudie and Peach, Retha and Turnbull,
                      Matthew and Thiele, Simon and Bock, Christina},
      title        = {{A}nion-{E}xchange {M}embrane {W}ater {E}lectrolyzers},
      journal      = {Chemical reviews},
      volume       = {122},
      issn         = {0009-2665},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {ACS Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-02308},
      pages        = {11830-11854},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {This Review provides an overview of the emerging concepts
                      of catalysts, membranes, and membrane electrode assemblies
                      (MEAs) for water electrolyzers with anion-exchange membranes
                      (AEMs), also known as zero-gap alkaline water electrolyzers.
                      Much of the recent progress is due to improvements in
                      materials chemistry, MEA designs, and optimized operation
                      conditions. Research on anion-exchange polymers (AEPs) has
                      focused on the cationic head/backbone/side-chain structures
                      and key properties such as ionic conductivity and alkaline
                      stability. Several approaches, such as cross-linking,
                      microphase, and organic/inorganic composites, have been
                      proposed to improve the anion-exchange performance and the
                      chemical and mechanical stability of AEMs. Numerous AEMs now
                      exceed values of 0.1 S/cm (at 60–80 °C), although the
                      stability specifically at temperatures exceeding 60 °C
                      needs further enhancement. The oxygen evolution reaction
                      (OER) is still a limiting factor. An analysis of thin-layer
                      OER data suggests that NiFe-type catalysts have the highest
                      activity. There is debate on the active-site mechanism of
                      the NiFe catalysts, and their long-term stability needs to
                      be understood. Addition of Co to NiFe increases the
                      conductivity of these catalysts. The same analysis for the
                      hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) shows carbon-supported Pt
                      to be dominating, although PtNi alloys and clusters of
                      Ni(OH)2 on Pt show competitive activities. Recent advances
                      in forming and embedding well-dispersed Ru nanoparticles on
                      functionalized high-surface-area carbon supports show
                      promising HER activities. However, the stability of these
                      catalysts under actual AEMWE operating conditions needs to
                      be proven. The field is advancing rapidly but could benefit
                      through the adaptation of new in situ techniques,
                      standardized evaluation protocols for AEMWE conditions, and
                      innovative catalyst-structure designs. Nevertheless, single
                      AEM water electrolyzer cells have been operated for several
                      thousand hours at temperatures and current densities as high
                      as 60 °C and 1 A/cm2, respectively.},
      cin          = {IEK-11},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-11-20140314},
      pnm          = {1232 - Power-based Fuels and Chemicals (POF4-123)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1232},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {35442645},
      UT           = {WOS:000819831600001},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00854},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/907983},
}