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@ARTICLE{Jacqu:910832,
      author       = {Jacqué, Kevin and Koltermann, Lucas and Figgener, Jan and
                      Zurmühlen, Sebastian and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{T}he {I}nfluence of {F}requency {C}ontainment {R}eserve on
                      the {O}perational {D}ata and the {S}tate of {H}ealth of the
                      {H}ybrid {S}tationary {L}arge-{S}cale {S}torage {S}ystem},
      journal      = {Energies},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1996-1073},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-04182},
      pages        = {1342},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The expansion of renewable energy with its volatile feed-in
                      character places higher demandson the power grid of the
                      future. Large-scale storage systems (LSS) are a promising
                      option forsupporting the electricity grid and have been
                      gaining importance in the last years, both on the marketfor
                      frequency containment reserve (FCR) and in research. The
                      majority of publications investigatingthe interaction
                      between storage and FCR are based on simulations rather than
                      on field measurements.This paper presents the analyses of
                      multi-year, high-resolution field measurements of the
                      hybrid6 MW/7.5 MWh battery storage “M5BAT” to address
                      this issue. The influence of FCR operationon the operation
                      and degradation of the hybrid LSS and the individual battery
                      technologies isinvestigated via a statistical evaluation of
                      the historical operating data between 2017 and 2021.
                      Thedata-based analysis of the LSS and the individual battery
                      technologies reveals a high availability ofthe LSS of over
                      $96.5\%.$ Furthermore, the FCR operation results in an
                      average SOC of the LSS of $50.5\%and$ an average C-rate of
                      the battery units of 0.081 C. A capacity test after four
                      years of operationexposes that the lead-acid batteries have
                      experienced a loss of energy capacity of up to $36\%,$
                      whereasthe lithium batteries have only experienced a loss of
                      up to $5\%.$ The calendar ageing predominates inthis
                      context. The presented results can be used to investigate
                      and model the influence of FCR on theoperation and battery
                      degradation of the LSS and its different battery
                      technologies.},
      cin          = {IEK-12 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000763643600001},
      doi          = {10.3390/en15041342},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910832},
}