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@ARTICLE{Tepe:910836,
      author       = {Tepe, Benedikt and Figgener, Jan and Englberger, Stefan and
                      Sauer, Dirk Uwe and Jossen, Andreas and Hesse, Holger},
      title        = {{O}ptimal pool composition of commercial electric vehicles
                      in {V}2{G} fleet operation of various electricity markets},
      journal      = {Applied energy},
      volume       = {308},
      issn         = {0306-2619},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-04186},
      pages        = {118351 -},
      year         = {2022},
      note         = {Unterstützt durch BMBF Grants: SimBAS project (Grant No.
                      03XP0338A) u. $open_BEA$ project (Grant No. 03ET4072)},
      abstract     = {The market ramp-up of electromobility is shifting
                      vehicle-to-grid (V2G) issues into the focus of research and
                      industry. Electric vehicles (EVs) have the potential to
                      support the trend towards renewable energies in their role
                      as storage units during idle times. To participate in
                      balancing power and energy markets, EVs are pooled via
                      aggregators. Instead of a random composition, aggregators
                      can smartly compose their pools and add only those vehicles
                      that actually contribute to the pool’s performance,
                      gaining advantages over competitors. The optimization
                      methods presented in this paper form optimized pool
                      combinations based on the power and energy capability
                      profiles of commercial EVs. Genetic algorithms are used to
                      determine the revenues of the possible pools per
                      participating EV. The use cases analyzed are the provision
                      of balancing power on the frequency containment reserve
                      (FCR) market of Central Europe and energy arbitrage trading
                      on the European power exchange intraday continuous and
                      day-ahead auction spot markets. The results show that
                      through smart pool composition, an aggregator can increase
                      revenue per vehicle by up to seven-fold across the markets
                      compared to randomly assembled pools. In the Central
                      European market, for example, the potential V2G revenues on
                      the FCR market (380 €) exceeded those of arbitrage trading
                      (28 € − 203 €) in 2020. In a simulation, we show the
                      increased degradation of the vehicle battery in V2G
                      operation compared to sole use for mobility with a smart
                      charging strategy. However, the additional revenue can make
                      V2G financially worthwhile, depending on costs for measuring
                      equipment, bidirectional charging stations, and aggregator
                      costs.},
      cin          = {IEK-12 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217 / $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000769926500002},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118351},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910836},
}