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@ARTICLE{Kin:910897,
      author       = {Kin, Li-Chung and Astakhov, Oleksandr and Lee, Minoh and
                      Haas, Stefan and Ding, Kaining and Merdzhanova, Tsvetelina
                      and Rau, Uwe},
      title        = {{B}atteries to {K}eep {S}olar‐{D}riven {W}ater
                      {S}plitting {R}unning at {N}ight: {P}erformance of a
                      {D}irectly {C}oupled {S}ystem},
      journal      = {Solar RRL},
      volume       = {6},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {2367-198X},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-04247},
      pages        = {2100916 -},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Direct solar-powered hydrogen generation (so-called
                      “green” hydrogen) is promising as a renewable fuel that
                      can be generated anywhere there is sunshine and water. Many
                      attempts are made to integrate a water electrolyzer (EC) and
                      solar cell at different levels (a so-called artificial leaf)
                      to take advantage of the reduced losses from the lack of
                      wiring and optionally increased portability afforded by an
                      integrated unit. However, in many cases, EC catalysts
                      degrade as electrodes depolarize when shut down at night.
                      Much less attention is paid to the need for a minimum
                      current across the EC under insufficient illumination to
                      prevent excessive cyclic degradation. Directly coupling a
                      battery to keep an artificial leaf running at night can
                      address this need and, in theory, also increase
                      solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency. A seven-cell silicon
                      heterojunction module, two bifunctional NiFeMo ECs in
                      series, and a commercial Li-ion NMC battery are selected to
                      provide the same amount of solar output power despite
                      different working voltages and tested in a series of
                      simulated diurnal cycles. The increased average STH
                      efficiency per cycle $(11.4\%$ vs. $10.5\%$ without the
                      battery) is analyzed and discussed with implications for
                      future artificial leaf design and implementation.},
      cin          = {IEK-5},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-5-20101013},
      pnm          = {1213 - Cell Design and Development (POF4-121)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1213},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000779095200026},
      doi          = {10.1002/solr.202100916},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/910897},
}