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@ARTICLE{Rbbelke:912005,
      author       = {Rübbelke, Dirk and Vögele, Stefan and Grajewski, Matthias
                      and Zobel, Luzy},
      title        = {{H}ydrogen-based steel production and global climate
                      protection: {A}n empirical analysis of the potential role of
                      a {E}uropean cross border adjustment mechanism},
      journal      = {Journal of cleaner production},
      volume       = {380},
      number       = {Part B},
      issn         = {0959-6526},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2022-05235},
      pages        = {135040 -},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {The European Union’s aim to become climate neutral by
                      2050 necessitates ambitious efforts to reduce carbon
                      emissions. Large reductions can be particularly attained in
                      energy intensive sectors like iron and steel. In order to
                      prevent the relocation of such industries outside the EU in
                      the course of tightening environmental regulations, the
                      establishment of a climate club jointly with other large
                      emitters and alternatively the unilateral implementation of
                      an international cross-border carbon tax mechanism are
                      proposed. Our article focuses on the latter option choosing
                      the steel sector as an example. In particular, we
                      investigate the financial conditions under which a European
                      cross border mechanism is capable to protect hydrogen-based
                      steel production routes employed in Europe against more
                      polluting competition from abroad. By using a floor price
                      model, we assess the competitiveness of different steel
                      production routes in selected countries. We evaluate the
                      climate friendliness of steel production on the basis of
                      specific GHG emissions. In addition, we utilize an
                      input-output price model. It enables us to assess impacts of
                      rising cost of steel production on commodities that use
                      steel as intermediates. Our results raise the concern that a
                      cross-border tax mechanism will not suffice to bring about
                      competitiveness of hydrogen-based steel production in Europe
                      because the cost tends to remain higher than the cost of
                      steel production in e.g. China. Steel is a classic example
                      for a good used mainly as intermediate for other products.
                      Therefore, a cross-border tax mechanism for steel will
                      increase the price of products produced in the EU that
                      require steel as an input. This can in turn adversely affect
                      competitiveness of these sectors. Hence , the effects of
                      higher steel costs on European exports should be born in
                      mind and could require the cross-border adjustment mechanism
                      to also subsidize exports.},
      cin          = {IEK-STE},
      ddc          = {330},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-STE-20101013},
      pnm          = {1112 - Societally Feasible Transformation Pathways
                      (POF4-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1112},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000894774000006},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135040},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/912005},
}