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@ARTICLE{vonEugen:917399,
      author       = {von Eugen, Kaya and Endepols, Heike and Drzezga, Alexander
                      and Neumaier, Bernd and Güntürkün, Onur and Backes, Heiko
                      and Ströckens, Felix},
      title        = {{A}vian neurons consume three times less glucose than
                      mammalian neurons},
      journal      = {Current biology},
      volume       = {32},
      number       = {19},
      issn         = {0960-9822},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Current Biology Ltd.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-00613},
      pages        = {4306 - 4313.e4},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Brains are among the most energetically costly tissues in
                      the mammalian body.1 This is predominantly caused by
                      expensive neurons with high glucose demands.2 Across
                      mammals, the neuronal energy budget appears to be fixed,
                      possibly posing an evolutionary constraint on brain
                      growth.3-6 Compared to similarly sized mammals, birds have
                      higher numbers of neurons, and this advantage conceivably
                      contributes to their cognitive prowess.7 We set out to
                      determine the neuronal energy budget of birds to elucidate
                      how they can metabolically support such high numbers of
                      neurons. We estimated glucose metabolism using positron
                      emission tomography (PET) and 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose
                      ([18F]FDG) as the radiotracer in awake and anesthetized
                      pigeons. Combined with kinetic modeling, this is the gold
                      standard to quantify cerebral metabolic rate of glucose
                      consumption (CMRglc).8 We found that neural tissue in the
                      pigeon consumes 27.29 ± 1.57 μmol glucose per 100 g per
                      min in an awake state, which translates into a surprisingly
                      low neuronal energy budget of 1.86 × 10-9 ± 0.2 × 10-9
                      μmol glucose per neuron per minute. This is approximately 3
                      times lower than the rate in the average mammalian neuron.3
                      The remarkably low neuronal energy budget explains how
                      pigeons, and possibly other avian species, can support such
                      high numbers of neurons without associated metabolic costs
                      or compromising neuronal signaling. The advantage in
                      neuronal processing of information at a higher efficiency
                      possibly emerged during the distinct evolution of the avian
                      brain.Keywords: PET; bird; brain; energy consumption;
                      evolution; metabolism.},
      cin          = {INM-2 / INM-5},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-2-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)INM-5-20090406},
      pnm          = {5253 - Neuroimaging (POF4-525)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5253},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {36084646},
      UT           = {WOS:000898422800011},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.070},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/917399},
}