Journal Article FZJ-2025-04367

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On the High-Temperature $Ca^{2+}$ Conduction in NASICON-Type $Ca_{(1+x)/2}In _xZr_{2–x}(PO_4)_3$

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2025
American Chemical Society Washington, DC

Chemistry of materials 37(20), 8392 - 8402 () [10.1021/acs.chemmater.5c02108]

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Abstract: Lithium-based batteries are currently the leading battery technology. To develop more diverse and sustainable energy storage solutions, alternative battery chemistries and materials must be explored. In this work, we investigated the aliovalent substitution series of NASICON-type $Ca_{(1+x)/2}In _xZr_{2–x}(PO_4)_3$ (x = 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.375, 0.5, 0.75, and 1). To establish the structure–transport relations in the materials, a combination of impedance spectroscopy, direct current (DC) polarization measurements, and temperature-dependent powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements up to 800 °C was used. At 800 °C, where the materials are most conductive, there is an increase of the ionic conductivity from x = 0 to 0.375, reaching a maximum of $2.4·10^{–4}S·cm^{–1}$. For compositions with x ≥ 0.5, however, the conductivity decreases significantly. The maximum conductivity and its subsequent decrease are linked to an interplay of crystal–chemical factors, namely, the bottleneck size and the number of available vacancies. This study shows that it is possible to increase the $Ca^{2+}$ ion conductivity through aliovalent substitution; however, due to distinct, crystallographic differences, design principles from lithium- or sodium-based NASICONs may not be directly applicable to their calcium analogues.

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Contributing Institute(s):
  1. Helmholtz-Institut Münster Ionenleiter für Energiespeicher (IMD-4)
Research Program(s):
  1. 1221 - Fundamentals and Materials (POF4-122) (POF4-122)

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 Record created 2025-11-01, last modified 2026-02-20


Published on 2025-10-09. Available in OpenAccess from 2026-10-09.:
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