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| Journal Article | FZJ-2015-04132 |
;
2014
Elsevier
Amsterdam
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Please use a persistent id in citations: doi:10.1016/j.susc.2014.09.006
Abstract: The electron spin is a consequence of relativistic quantum mechanics and determines the symmetry of the many-body wave function or alternatively in the single-particle description used in Fermi liquid theory determines the statistics of state population. Combined with the Coulomb interaction, the spin leads to the effect of exchange interaction, which is a relatively strong interaction of quantum nature only dwarfed by the bare, i.e. classical, Coulomb potential between electrons and electrons or nuclei. Thus, the exchange contributes a significant part of the ground state energy and it is no surprise that it leads to a wide variety of magnetic ground states of matter. Historically, these magnetic ground states have been explored by techniques accessing the magnetization, susceptibility or heat capacity, i.e. by bulk properties. Also the case of few magnetic impurities embedded in a non-magnetic metal has been studied extensively in the bulk phase. Below the Kondo temperature, the conductivity of the metallic alloy increases upon cooling, an observation which cannot be explained by electron-phonon interaction. It was Kondo who explained this effect due to the formation of a many-body ground state in which the localized magnetic moment of the impurity is screend by conduction electrons to form an antiferromagnetically-coupled singlet state, which enhances scattering in transport measurements
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